Servo Motor Tutorial
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Servomechanism

The grey/green cylinder is the brush-type DC motor. The black section at the bottom contains the planetary reduction gear, and the black object atop the motor is the optical rotary encoder for position feedback. This is the steering actuator of a large robot vehicle.
A servomechanism, or servo is an automatic device that uses error-sensing feedback to correct the performance of a mechanism. The term correctly applies only to systems where the feedback or error-correction signals help control mechanical position or other parameters. For example, an automotive power window control is not a servomechanism, as there is no automatic feedback which controls position—the operator does this by observation. By contrast the car's cruise control uses closed loop feedback, which classifies it as a servomechanism.
A servomechanism is unique from other control systems because it controls a parameter by commanding the time-based derivative of that parameter. For example a servomechanism controlling position must be capable of changing the velocity of the system because the time-based derivative (rate change) of position is velocity. An hydraulic actuator controlled by a spool valve and a position sensor is a good example because the velocity of the actuator is proportional to the error signal of the position sensor.
Servomechanism may or may not use a servomotor. For example a household furnace controlled by thermostat is a servomechanism, yet there is no motor being controlled directly by the servomechanism.
A common type of servo provides position control. Servos are commonly electrical or partially electronic in nature, using an electric motor as the primary means of creating mechanical force. Other types of servos use hydraulics, pneumatics, or magnetic principles. Usually, servos operate on the principle of negative feedback, where the control input is compared to the actual position of the mechanical system as measured by some sort of transducer at the output. Any difference between the actual and wanted values (an "error signal") is amplified and used to drive the system in the direction necessary to reduce or eliminate the error. An entire science known as control theory has been developed on this type of system.
Servomechanisms were first used in military fire-control and marine navigation equipment. Today servomechanisms are used in automatic machine tools, satellite-tracking antennas, remote control airplanes, automatic navigation systems on boats and planes, and antiaircraft-gun control systems. Other examples are fly-by-wire systems in aircraft which use servos to actuate the aircraft's control surfaces, and radio-controlled models which use RC servos for the same purpose. Many autofocus cameras also use a servomechanism to accurately move the lens, and thus adjust the focus. A modern hard disk drive has a magnetic servo system with sub-micrometre positioning accuracy.
Typical servos give a rotary (angular) output. Linear types are common as well, using a screw thread or a linear motor to give linear motion.
Another device commonly referred to as a servo is used in automobiles to amplify the steering or braking force applied by the driver. However, these devices are not true servos, but rather mechanical amplifiers. (See also Power steering or Vacuum servo.)
In industrial machines, servos are used to perform complex motion.
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How to Build a Remote Control Car
Instructions
Difficulty: ModerateThings You’ll Need:
- Small precision screwdrivers Regular screwdrivers Tool box Needle-nose pliers Hex wrenches Nut drivers Craft knife Hobby glue Glue gun Battery Battery charger Car kit Transmitter Receiver Servos Fuel
Decide what type of car you want. Do you want an on-road model to speed down the pavement, or an off-road model to jump and climb around your backyard? Do you want a simple, easy-to-use electric-powered car, or a high-powered gas car? For a first project , you will probably want to go electric.
Step2
RTR kits contain cars already built. ARR kits just need a little work to complete. An unassembled kit will require at least an hour of work and some painting as well.
Step3
Buy your radio-controller, receiver and servomechanisms. Get a two-channel radio specifically designed for cars. Your kit may also require you to buy a charger, electric motor, speed control, fuel or other supplies. Consider buying a starter tool set like the one linked to below.
Step4
Take out all the pieces and compare them to the parts list.
Step5
Put together the chassis. Use screwdrivers to tighten the pieces together. It will take quite a bit of torque, so you may have to use clamps or pliers to hold the pieces together.
Step6
Assemble the shocks, wheels and axle. Adjust the shock towers so that all four are equal. Take extra care not to damage the axle when putting the wheels on.
Step7
Screw the motor into the mount and connect the servos, receivers and speed controls. Double check that all the connections are secure. Charge up the battery and put it in. Then snap the body into place.
Step8
Drive it gently. Go forward slowly and check to make sure your remote-control car is driving straight. If not, adjust the trim on your controller until it doesn't turn.



